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Four NY Cops Disarmed By Department Due To Love Triangle

Typically, I think people’s relationships are generally their own business. I have morals that cause me to form opinions about extra-marital affairs, mind you, but I usually don’t care all that much.

What I do tend to care about is the Second Amendment and our right to keep and bear arms.

One refrain I often hear is how we don’t need guns because we have the police, that those are the people who can be trusted with firearms, while the rest of us can’t.

What does that have to do with relationships? Well, quite a bit. You see, those same police officers that anti-gunners want to trust to protect us are humans who sometimes get pretty emotional. Enough so that they can’t be trusted with guns.

This love triangle has four corners — and four police badges!

An NYPD sergeant cheated on his cop girlfriend with a fellow officer, whose husband is also on the job — and the bosses took away everyone’s guns so they wouldn’t kill each other, sources told The Post on Monday.

The NYPD report says a total of nine handguns were seized from all four cops under a section of the Patrol Guide that permits impounding firearms in “non-disciplinary cases,” including those involving “stress as a result of family or other situations.”

A law-enforcement source said the circumstances raised “the potential for violent outcomes due to the sensitive nature of infidelity and everyone having access to guns.”

The Dec. 30 report also says the entire mess was turned over to the Special Operations Division Investigations Unit for further review, “including a review of social media.”

All four cops were given back their guns and returned to active duty in their original assignments during the past week, pending results of the SOD investigation, an NYPD spokesman said.

Now, I’m not saying that taking the guns was the right thing to do.

What I am going to point out to those who claim that we can and should trust the police explicitly with our protection is that police are people. They’re not better; they’re not worse. They’re a representation of the society they come from, and in our case, that’s a good thing for the most part. But that also means that sometimes, they get wrapped up in other bad situations. They get stressed. They get worked up, just like everyone else.

Yet we’re supposed to outsource our personal protection to them.

In this case, we see them having the same base instincts as anyone else. They’re not more moral, more deserving of responsibility than anyone else. This case shows they can be worse people than most of us would ever think to be. One officer bragged on social media about cheating on his wife with another man’s wife, for example. Does that sound like the kind of person you want to put your life in the hands of?

Anti-gunners are quick to tell us the police will protect us, but I’d much rather trust the hands typing this right now than the hands of a man who thinks it’s awesome that he had sex with another man’s wife.

Don’t get me wrong; this isn’t representative of the police as a whole. I’ve known far too many of them in my life to think that. But it does show us the one flaw running through every officer in the country. They’re human.

If you have to trust a human to protect you, why wouldn’t you be that human?

 

–By Tom K.

Bearingarms.com

–from Rogue

Supreme Senior Editor

Bikernet.com 

 

 

Rogue

Read More

BIKERNET IS OPEN WEEKLY NEWS for January 10th, 2019

Hey,

This isn’t funny but ridiculous. We usually don’t see it in our face. It happens behind the scenes, but the government shut-down brought it to the surface. Our government isn’t working. It’s become two football teams bent on destroying the other one. Their job, running the government for the people, is no longer part of the deal.

That’s not good for any American. Let’s hit the news. How about a bunch of bikers and a bulldozer find a sound barrier wall and push it over. It’s immoral.

The Bikernet Weekly News is sponsored in part by companies who also dig Freedom including: Cycle Source Magazine, the MRF, Las Vegas Bikefest, Iron Trader News, ChopperTown, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Museum. Most recently the Smoke Out and Quick Throttle Magazine came on board.

ROCK AND ROLL NEWS OF THE WEEK–
This week, FOREIGNER, the classic British-American rock band, announced that it is donating proceeds from a new version of its hit song “I Want To Know What Love Is” to Shriners Hospitals for Children®.

Fans will notice in the video for the new FOREIGNER recently-recorded version featuring Shriners Hospitals for Children patients, that lead singer Kelly Hansen is riding a custom bagger style bike created by Barker Gang Customs from Rockville, Indiana. Crafted from the ground up, a key feature of the bike is the custom detailing showcasing the iconic “FOREIGNER 4” album logo, as this comes on the heels of the bands 40th Anniversary Tour. The bike also features a jukebox image on the tail listing some of the band’s most iconic songs like “Hot Blooded,” “Cold as Ice,” and “Jukebox Hero.”

The video for this special song can be seen here and there are photos of the bike attached below: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6sYYkhW_OA

In coming weeks, the Shriners Hospitals for Children will be auctioning this bike off for charity to benefit these children in need. Fans can watch FOREIGNER’s Facebook Page for more information.

Are you interested in speaking with Kelly about the project and his personal passion for motorcycles or sharing the video/images with your fans (official press release below). Here is also some additional information on Kelly’s bikes in his own words:

“I am a native Californian who really loves driving. When I get the chance!! I also love riding and recently acquired a 1995 Harley softail Nostalgia, but I previously owned a 1976 Harley rigid with an 18” over springer and a suicide clutch. No front brake….very exciting! I also own a 1990 Yamaha FZR 1000 given to me by my friend John Paul Jr.”

We look forward to hearing from you!

Legendary Rock Band FOREIGNER Donates Worldwide Hit Song to Shriners Hospitals for Children

FOREIGNER Has Recorded a Special Version of its Classic Song “I Want To Know What Love Is” with a Children’s Choir Featuring Shriners Hospitals for Children Patients

Fans can visit www.showthemlove.org to download or pre-order the album. Stream the single on Spotify here: HERE

The Mick Jones composition “I Want To Know What Love Is” hit the top of the charts all over the world when it was released in 1984 and is FOREIGNER’s biggest hit to date. It remains one of the band’s best-known songs and is listed as one of Rolling Stone Magazine’s greatest songs of all time.

“It’s hard to put a dollar amount on the value of this gift, but this is truly a monumental donation in our mind,” said John McCabe, executive vice president of Shriners Hospitals for Children. “Participating in the music video will be an invaluable experience for our patients. The fact that sales proceeds from the download of this song will go to Shriners Hospitals for Children is a wonderful bonus.”

“FOREIGNER has been involved with Shriners Hospitals for ten years, and we’ve been looking for a way to make a more meaningful impact,” said lead singer Kelly Hansen. “The lyrics of this song really speak to the qualities we’ve observed in the children here at Shriners Hospitals. The kids show this amazing resilience and happiness that really makes one think how powerful love is.”

Shriners Hospitals for Children has 22 locations throughout the United States, Canada and Mexico and is changing lives every day through innovative pediatric specialty care, world-class research and outstanding medical education. All care is provided regardless of the families’ ability to pay. Learn more at shrinershospitalsforchildren.org.

More about FOREIGNER — including individual bandmember bios, tour dates, merchandise, and more — can be found on the band’s official website, www.foreigneronline.com.


GUN NUT REPORT–Springfield Armory is pleased to announce that the hammer-fired XD-E™ pistol, already available in 3.3”, is now available with longer 3.8” and 4.5” barrels.

The XD-E takes the best elements of the Springfield Armory XD series and combines them into a double action-single action (DA/SA) pistol that’s perfect for concealed carry.

XDE9389B-Featured
XD-E 3.8″ SINGLE STACK
XDE9389B
XD-E 3.8″ SINGLE STACK

XDE9459B-Featured-1
XD-E 4.5″ SINGLE STACK
XDE9459B
XD-E 4.5″ SINGLE STACK

Springfield Armory, 420 West Main Street, Geneseo, IL, 61254, USA, 800-680-6866

TRIAL SPEEDWAY VEST FROM 5-BALL RACING LEATHERS™—We had the master take the sleeves off one of our brown Speedway leather shirts made from super soft lambskin.

It turned out to be a winner and Bandit is wearing one constantly. Let me know if you are interested. We can order them in black or brown. They come with two deep gun pockets and our signature media pocket, plus four outside pocket. It’s clean, classic, light and soft. Easy to wear.

If I get enough response, we will order a special batch.

–Bandit

NMA REPORT–National Academies Report Demands $70 Billion In Highway Tolls, Taxes.

“This article originally appeared on TheNewspaper.com, (“Driving Politics”) and is reprinted with their kind permission.”

Federally funded report explores the possibility of turning every mile of interstate highway into a toll road.

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine on Thursday released a report saying motorists ought to pay up to $70 billion in higher taxes and tolls every year. The 650-page document laid out the conventional argument of transportation officials who insist that drivers simply are not paying enough at the pump, DMV registration counters and toll booths.

Currently, about $25 billion is spent on interstate highway system improvement, with just $2.2 billion of that amount devoted to new construction. The study, funded by the Federal Highway Administration, examined the need to upgrade and repair the interstate highway system from the foundation up.

“Although proven durable, the interstate system’s roadway foundation will eventually become unserviceable, and much of it is already more than 50 years old,” the report noted.

The report also cited the need to dramatically expand highway capacity to meet growing demand, while at the same time allowing urban activists to “right-size” interstates.

“Although the system has long been considered complete in its national and interregional coverage and connectivity, shifts in the geography of the country’s population and economic activity are creating demands for the addition of new nodes and links, and in some cases for the modification or replacement of urban segments viewed as unduly intrusive to communities,” the report explained. “Transportation agencies, especially in urban areas, may substitute more active operations and demand management measures, such as congestion tolling, for spending on lane widening and other physical additions to interstate highways.”

The report highlighted the Interstate 66 high occupancy toll (HOT) lane project in Virginia as a promising example of imposing tolls on existing capacity. The document was completed before those lanes opened, but I-66 commuters making the ten-mile journey into the nation’s capital today face one-way tolls as high as $45. While “managed lanes” are often described as a congestion reduction measure, the study notes that there is no reduction in traffic backups for motorists who fail to pay those high tolls.

“Congestion must remain on the general-purpose lanes to continue to entice drivers to pay for the premium service,” the report explained.

The study explained the same reconstruction costs could paid with an increase in the current federal gas tax from 18.4 cents per gallon to 30 cents per gallon over ten years.

“A major advantage of the fuel tax is its very low administrative cost for collecting revenue — most estimates indicate collection costs are less than one percent of total revenues,” the report explained. “Fuel taxes generally encourage efficient behavior insofar as the taxes paid are generally proportional to system use.”

Option two in the study is tolling every mile of the interstate highway system.

“The revenue potential from tolling is substantial,” the report explained. “Most evidence indicates that tolls are more complicated and costly to collect than fuel taxes. Even for the toll roads that have extensive electronic tolling, Kirk reports that collection costs consume 8 to 13 percent of gross revenue.”

TheNewspaper calculated that the best-managed toll roads in the country had overhead costs of 23 percent (view figures). The National Academies study also noted that the cost of adding toll collection equipment to every existing interstate highway would be $55.5 billion. Another option considered in the report is for Congress to use more of the existing $41 billion that motorists already pay in federal gas taxes on the interstates.

“Although the existing federal funds could be sufficient for the interstates, the rest of the federal-aid highway system, many routes of which serve as important connectors to the interstates, would have to be funded by states alone — which could have broad implications for the future of the federal-aid highway system and the connectivity it provides,” the report noted.

Editor’s Note: In order to download and read the entire report, you will first have to register for a free account from the The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Find the full report HERE.


AIR AND ELECTRIC SHIFTER NOTES—for the Salt Torpedo. Air just goes up and you manually downshift after the run.

I know the electric unit cost Jody Perewitz several runs ‘till they switched to air.

Pingel still offer air over air and air over electric. It is your call, but you’ve been to Bonneville many times and know the kind of havoc the salt can wreak on electrical components.

I just like keeping stuff simple. Air over air uses ¼” tubing to the shift button, and 3/8 between the tank and shift cylinder, so it’s not a particular bitch to route or anything. I used a little Craftsman 12V car compressor at the track to fill between runs, I’m sure you will have a well equipped trailer. You can go on board compressor as well, but like I said, I like simple.

Let’s work on this project, sounds really awesome.

–James
Twin Power

BRAND New Bikernet Reader Comment!–
10 Tricks To Remove That Stuck Bolt

https://www.bikernet.com/pages/10_Tricks_To_Remove_That_Stuck_Bolt.aspx

Thanks. Great article.

— Sam
TX

We can’t take the credit for that one. It came from a hot rod site and was produced by the Eastwood company.—Bandit

PENTHOUSE GOES TO DAKAR–Penthouse World Media LLC, the leading adult media brand and publisher of PENTHOUSE magazine, and Penthouse Clubs Worldwide LLC partner to sponsor veteran off-road driver Olga Rouckova at the 2019 Dakar Rally.

The world-renowned off-road endurance rally will be held from January 6 to 17, 2019 in Peru. The 10-stage race will feature a variety of off-road vehicles in four classes and covers 3,100 miles from start to finish.

Rouckova will be one of 17 female competitors in the race made up of a total of 334 racers. Although a traditionally male-oriented event, the 2019 Dakar Rally hit a huge milestone with the most female drivers to date, empowering women around the world to showcase their competitive skills.

“We are excited to be supporting the highly-accomplished Olga Rouckova in this amazing challenge which is the Dakar Rally,” said Catherine Brandt, COO of Penthouse World Media LLC. “It is an honor for PENTHOUSE to represent a female driver who embodies beauty, strength, and determination, and this is a direction the brand is excited to embrace.”

As sponsors, Penthouse World Media LLC and Penthouse Clubs Global Licensing LLC will provide financial and promotional support to Rouckova, by way of marketing and advertising campaigns as well as media opportunities during the race. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.

“I am honored and grateful to be sponsored by PENTHOUSE, the iconic brand that represents beauty, culture and progressive thought,” Rouckova said.

Born in Czech Republic, Rouckova is an accomplished quad racer with her four-wheeled motorcycle-like vehicle, having participated in a number of competitions like the FIM BAJA Europe for 3 years finishing every race on the podium, the Merzouga Rally in Morocco, along with obstacle races such as the Spartan race, Army Run, Gladiator Race and many others.

For more information visit Penthouse.com and Dakar.com


BANDIT’S CANTINA MEMBERSHIP REPORT–
Hey Ricky,

Did you receive a package from us? Just checking.

All the best for the new year,
–Bandit

Hello Bandit,

Yes, I did receive a package, thanks for following up on that! You must
run a tight ship. Never had anyone check to make sure I received anything
before!

Since I joined, it’s hard to turn it off! After reading your adventures, I almost feel like I’ve been knowing you for a long time. Had
subscription to Easyriders for years – got boxes in attic. Haha.

Hope you have a great new year! Thanks again.

–Ricky

Two year members receive a special bling package from the headquarters. We wanted to make sure we shipped one to Ricky.

–Bandit


Monster Energy Kawasaki Rider Eli Tomac Finishes On the Podium at Season Opener–Monster Energy Kawasaki came into the 2019 Monster Energy AMA Supercross, an FIM World Championship season opener in Anaheim, California feeling strong and confident.

Eli Tomac came out swinging, picking up where he left off from the Monster Energy Cup, showing great speed on his KX450 and perseverance all night. Despite the unusual weather and muddy track conditions, Tomac started the season strong on the podium with a third-place finish.

After months of build-up to the Monster Energy Supercross opener at Angel Stadium, not even a rare California rainstorm could turn away thousands of racing fans from all the exciting live action of the opening night.

Joey Savatgy proved to be a strong contender in his 450SX debut after qualifying directly through his heat race. Savatgy showed true grit as he was caught up in a first turn crash but continued to fight for a 16th overall finish.

Tomac raced to a brilliant come from behind performance where he charged from mid-pack to finish third overall, marking Tomac’s career-best, season-opening finish.

#3 Eli Tomac
3rd Place
#17 Joey Savatgy
16th Place

“There were tricky track conditions due to the unusual amount of rain for Anaheim, but I managed to stay in good enough condition to keep jumping most of the lanes and pushing forward. I remained patient and controlled my pace throughout the Main Event, and although we’re always shooting for the top spot, I’m happy to kick off the season on the podium. The team and I are already looking forward to Glendale, let’s get this season rolling!” – Eli Tomac

“I’ve been working so hard this off-season and feel really comfortable on the bike, but the weather made quite the challenge for us. I had a tip over on the bike and some issues with my goggles in the rain, but I remained focused on finishing the race to my best ability. We have a long season ahead of us, I’m looking forward to getting back on the bike and continuing to grow and improve.” – Joey Savatgy

DEALER OPEN HOUSE / AUTOGRAPH SIGNING
Friday, January 11, 2019
6pm – 7pm
Kelly’s Kawasaki
817 S Country Club Dr,
Mesa, AZ 85210

The Monster Energy/Pro Circuit/Kawasaki team of Adam Cianciarulo and Garrett Marchbanks came out charging in the sloppy conditions on Saturday evening at Angel Stadium in Anaheim, California at the season opener of the 2019 supercross series.

Despite the unusual rain showers, the veteran of the team Cianciarulo looked calm, cool, and collected all day long and showed that he has what it takes to fight for the 250SX West Championship. Meanwhile, the rookie Marchbanks made his supercross debut and quietly strung together an admirable performance for his debut ride.

Monster Energy/Pro Circuit/Kawasaki’s Cianciarulo kickstarted the day by capturing the fastest lap time in qualifying, giving him the first gate pick in the heat race. Cianciarulo followed up that performance by going out and winning his first heat race of the season, which would once again give him the best gate pick coming into the Main Event. In the Main Event, Cianciarulo was off to a top-five start and began to mount an attack on the riders in front of him, unfortunately, after he passed into fourth place the battle continued and he went down. Cianciarulo would remount and finish in fifth place on the night.

The No. 61 of Marchbanks started out his 250SX debut by qualifying in 11th place position. He then entered the second 250SX heat race of the night where he got his feet wet and raced to a sixth-place finish. Marchbanks was able to get a solid start in the main event which allowed him to follow some of the lines of his veteran teammate, and would ultimately finish in sixth place overall.

#92 Adam Cianciarulo
5th Place
#61 Garrett Marchbanks
6th Place

“For me, there are a lot of positives to take away from today’s race. The day started out great as we were able to secure the fastest qualifying time in practice, which gave us first gate pick to start the evening races. In my heat race, I got a little squirrelly off the start but I was able to save it and charge to the front and get my first heat race win of the year, which was awesome. The main event is a tough one to swallow because I know I should have been on the podium. It is unfortunate that I came together with another rider, however, I am happy I was able to remount and safely walk away from Anaheim 1 with some decent points. I am already looking forward to next weekend in Glendale.” – Adam Cianciarulo

“Coming into my first ever supercross race I was both excited and nervous as I did not know where I would fit into the picture compared to all the other racers. To finish 6th overall in my first supercross race in the mud is something that gives me a great building point to move from the rest of the season. I know I have the speed to be in top five each week and contest for podiums. I am really excited about getting back on the bike this week to work on a few things and improve on this result next week in Glendale.” – Garrett Marchbanks

racing

NEWS FROM THE YEAR 2059–
Ozone created by electric cars now killing millions in the seventh largest Country in the world, Mexifornia, formerly known as California.

White minorities still trying to have English
recognized as the third language.

Spotted Owl plague threatens Northwestern United States crops and livestock.

Baby conceived naturally! Scientists stumped.

Couple petitions court to reinstate heterosexual marriage.

Iran still closed off; physicists estimate it will take at least 10 more years before radioactivity decreases to safe levels.

France pleads for global help after being taken over by Jamaica. No other country comes forward to help the beleaguered nation.

Last Castro finally dies at age 112; Cuban cigars can now be imported legally, but President Chelsea Clinton has banned all smoking.

George Z. Bush says he will run for President in 2060.

Postal Service raises price of first class stamp to $17.89 and reduces mail delivery to Wednesdays only.

Average weight of Americans drops to 250 lbs.

85-year $75.8 billion study: Diet and exercise is the key to weight loss.

Global cooling blamed for citrus crop failure for third consecutive year in Mexifornia and Floruba.

Abortion clinics now available in every High School in United States.

Senate still blocking drilling in ANWR even though gas is selling for 4532 Pesos per liter and gas stations are only open on Tuesdays and Fridays.

Massachusetts executes last remaining conservative.

Supreme Court rules any punishment of criminals violates their civil rights.

A Couple Finally Had Sexual Harmony. They had simultaneous Headaches.

Average height of NBA players is now nine feet seven inches with only 5 illegitimate children.

New federal law requires that all nail clippers, screwdrivers, fly swatters and rolled-up newspapers must be registered by January 2060.

IRS sets lowest tax rate at 75 percent.

Floruba voters still having trouble with voting machines.

I Love This Country!

It’s The Government That Scares Me!

Stop organized crime. Re-elect no one

Happy New Year Everyone!!

–Sam Burns

 

 [page break]

Monster Energy Kawasaki Releases 2019–
The 2019 Monster Energy Kawasaki race team looks to build on its already impressive resume of 23 premier class titles with the 2019 KX450. The roster features two-time defending AMA Pro Motocross Champion, Eli Tomac, and the Monster Energy/Pro Circuit/Kawasaki team graduate, Joey Savatgy.

“I am looking forward to what 2019 has to offer. Last year we had some ups and downs in supercross, but managed to win eight races and finish third in the championship. The Monster Energy Kawasaki team and I have the same goal coming into the 2019 season, which is to bring home the supercross championship. I am holding myself to the highest possible standard this year.” – Eli Tomac

“Man, I am so excited to get the season started. 2018 was a growing year for me. This off-season I got married, signed my first 450 contract, and have put in a lot of work to make my transition into the 450 class as smooth as possible. Being on the factory Kawasaki team and riding the all-new 2019 KX450 has been nothing short of a dream. I’ve got an incredible opportunity in front of me and plan to make the most of it.” – Joey Savatgy

UNDERGROUND CBD SALES—Amazing pain relief. One of our Salt Torpedo team members has serious health issues and doesn’t want to take Opioids. “I won’t take them,” Kevin said.

But there is relief for folks in pain through the totally legal CBD oils taken from Hemp, which what made legal nationwide recently. Kevin signed up for this program and it’s growing like crazy. Here’s his web site:

www.hempworxbizop.com/boatracer

Feel free to reach out to him and give it a shot. You could feel better and make some funds.

–Bandit

TEXAS CLASSICS–Random bikes from a quick stop yesterday, rotator cuff issues so I was driving. It’s been an amazing weekend weather wise.

–RFR
Official Bikernet Texas Correspondent

FROM THE GEARHEAD JOURNAL– I gotta write. I read the Bandit Bio the other day and had a thought (that is scary if your in my head). I got a bike bio for you.

I bought this one in 1980. It is a 1970 FLH, cop bike. Brother Lee built it for a right leg only. He lost his left leg in a bike/car accident.

He had Marina Del Rey Harley build the motor and trans. He put 10-inch over wide glide tubes on it and put a cheetah king/queen seat on it. He had a metal, horse type, stirrup on the left side to set his artificial leg into.

I bought it from him in 1979 after I crashed and got rid of my 1978 low rider. I revamped the bike to be more of my style. Show quality at one time. Almost powder blue is what the brothers called it. Molded neck and painted from the neck all the way down to the muffler strut. First time at a custom and a few mistakes but overcome those issues.

Did I forget to tell you, we used marano in those days. What is cool about that type of paint is it changes color tint depending on the light. I still have that bike to this day. I hope to get it out to the shop someday for a photo or two.

She is a chain breaker and a heart shaker. I want to thank my brothers and my wife for keeping it going.

–Gearhead

SULLEN BLOWOUT SALE– FREE SHIPPING OVER $75 or $5 FLAT RATE. Use the code Blowout.

Our mailing address is:
Sullen Clothing LLC.
1779 Apollo Court
Seal Beach, Ca 90740

NEW BIKERNET AND BANDIT’S CANTINA PROGRAMS FOR 2019

To keep Bikernet moving forward in the New Year, we’ve shuffled things around a bit. We have decided to shut down all major advertising sales and will move all of Bikernet’s impressive library and 24 years of archived editorial content into Bandit’s Cantina, Bikernet’s subscription-supported section.

We will however keep the Bikernet Blog active daily and accessible for free. All major content will be expanded into the Cantina.

So, from a business side here’s how it will work for the New Year. We will continue to build great content featuring the Weekly News, a variety of features and tech articles.

Our readers can stay abreast of all the action on Bikernet by joining the Cantina for as little as $24 yearly or $39 for two years. They will also receive a special package containing an assortment of Bikernet goodies and bling.

Industry members, if you’d like us to keep supporting your company and promote your products, events or services with editorials, we will do so for a mere $98 a year. Keep sending your press releases and we will take care of them.

For the company that wants to reach all 50,000 Bikernet readers and Bandit’s Cantina subscribers 24/7 (plus a 2 million social media reach) your ad will be placed on our Blog page and your banner will accompany any and all of your company’s content. Just $165 a month. This also means all of your company content is archived on Bikernet for the duration working 24/7 and supported with your banner ad.

All the best for 2019
Keith R. Ball
1-310-830-0630
KRB@Bikernet.com

CHP BULLETIN NO.98-100
Excessive Noise Enforcement Passenger Vehicles, Light Truck and Motorcycles
The California Highway Patrol, Commercial vehicle Section, has received many inquiries about excessive noise emitted by passenger vehicles, light trucks and motorcycles. Enforcement personnel and the public have inquired regarding enforcement of the Vehicle Code sections pertaining to excessive noise emitted by these vehicles.

Excessive Noise is primarily a nuisance issue rather than a safety concern, and determination of excessive noise is subjective. For this reason, enforcement personnel are to exercise sound professional judgment in making a determination of violation. The following guidelines and attached question and answer sheet ( attachment A) provide guidance to enforcement personnel regarding appropriate enforcement procedures.

Enforcement Guidelines
The only drivers who should be cited are those whose vehicles:

1) are not equipped with a muffler

2) clearly emit an offensive, harsh, excessive noise, or

3) have a clearly defective exhaust systems (holes, leaks, etc.)

Clearing Citations
When clearing excessive noise citations issued by the CHP or allied agencies, personnel are to consider exhaust systems in compliance if they incorporate a reasonably effective muffler, do not emit an offensive, harsh, excessive noise, and appear to be in good repair.

ATTACHMENT A
Q1. Doesn’t the VC require a muffler on every vehicle?

Yes. Section 27150 VC requires that every motor vehicle subject to registration be equipped with an adequate muffler. There are no exceptions -all vehicles must be equipped with a muffler, as defined in Section 425 VC. A turbocharger is not considered a muffler.

Q2. Aren’t all exhaust system modifications prohibited?

No. Section 27151 VC prohibits the modification of the exhaust system to amplify or increase the noise emitted by the vehicle, making the vehicle not in compliance with Section 27150 VC or exceeding the noise limits established in Sections 27201-27206 VC. Section 27151 VC does not prohibit all modifications to an exhaust system. It also does not prohibit all modifications that increase the noise level of the exhaust system over that of the original, factory installed exhaust system (as it did until 1980) It only prohibits modifications that result in a noise level higher than those specified in Sections 27201-27206 VC. Accurately determining compliance with Sections 27201-27206 VC for enforcement purposes is generally impractical. Enforcement personnel must make an informed professional evaluation to determine if excessive noise statutes are being violated.

Q3. Do I have to actually listen to a vehicle to cite it for a violation of either Section 27150 or 27151?

Yes. Drivers of vehicles should not be cited for violation of either Section 27150 or 27151 VC unless the officer has personally listened to the vehicle in operation. This can be either under actual driving conditions or with the vehicle stationary and the engine running. Even if the officer has inspected the exhaust system and does not see a muffler present, the officer should listen to the vehicle. The purpose of this is to be sure that the exhaust system does not incorporate internally baffled pipes or other components that meet the definition of a muffler. There are so specifications which state required configurations or minimum dimensions for mufflers. A vehicle that does not visually appear to be equipped with a muffler, but does not emit excessive noise, should be deemed to comply with sections 27150 and 27151VC.

Q4. Does an aftermarket replacement or modified tailpipe or muffler tip constitute a violation of section 27151 VC?

No. Section 27150 VC prohibits the modification of exhaust systems to amplify or increase noise. The officer would have to establish that the modification increased the noise emitted by the vehicle by listening to the exhaust. In general, exhaust system piping, tubing, fittings, cosmetic tips or other passive devices placed behind the muffler have minimal impact on exhaust system sound levels.

Q5. Since Section 27150 requires that the muffler prevent excessive and unusual noise, can the driver of a vehicle be cited for violation of Section 27150 if it emits a sound different than the original factory installed muffler?

No. The prohibit against unusual noise refers to noises that are unusual for motor vehicles. Noises that may be unusual for a particular for other motor vehicles, should not be considered in violation, provided the noise excessive.

Q6. Aren’t all modified exhaust systems unlawful under pollution control laws?

No. Current pollution control laws regarding aftermarket exhaust systems are quite complex, but do permit the installation of variety of aftermarket and “exempt” systems. Due to the complexity of modern pollution control systems and the laws governing them, the CHP does not provide technical training in this area. Enforcement of pollution control laws is the responsibility of the Bureau of Automotive Repair through the “Smog Check” program.

Q7. What are the noise levels specified in Section 27201-27206 VC? Can these be used to cite loud vehicles?

No. Section 27200 VC prohibits the sale of new motor vehicles that exceed the noise limits specified in these Sections. The specified noise limits (80dB-A) for all new cars, pickup trucks, vans and motorcycles apply only to new motor vehicles, under full throttle acceleration tests, measured 50 feet from the test vehicle, as specified in Section 1040-1044, 1046 and 1047, title 13, California Code of Regulations (13 CCR) These noise levels and the specified test methods apply to manufacturers and new car dealers only, for new vehicle certification purposes, and may not be used for enforcement purposes against vehicles being operated on public roadways. The CHP is not aware of any significant violation of Section 27200 VC by vehicle manufacturers or dealers.

NEWS FROM THE CLIMATE DEPOT–Consensus? 500+ Scientific Papers Published In 2018 Support A Skeptical Position On Climate Alarm

By Kenneth Richard on 3. January 2019

In 2018, over 500 scientific papers were published that cast doubt on the position that anthropogenic CO2 emissions function as the climate’s fundamental control knob…or that otherwise serve to question the efficacy of climate models or the related “consensus” positions commonly endorsed by policymakers and mainstream media sources.

More than 500 scientific papers published in 2018 affirm the position that there are significant limitations and uncertainties inherent in our understanding of climate and climate changes, emphasizing that climate science is not settled.

More specifically, the papers in this compilation support these four main skeptical positions — categorized here as N(1) – N(4) — which question the climate alarm popularized in today’s headlines.

N(1) Natural mechanisms play well more than a negligible role (as claimed by the IPCC) in the net changes in the climate system, which includes temperature variations, precipitation patterns, weather events, etc., and the influence of increased CO2 concentrations on climatic changes are less pronounced than currently imagined.

Solar Influence On Climate (103)
ENSO, NAO, AMO, PDO Climate Influence (22)
Modern Climate In Phase With Natural Variability (8)
Cloud/Aerosol Climate Influence (4)
Volcanic/Tectonic Climate Influence (3)

N(2) The warming/sea levels/glacier and sea ice retreat/hurricane and drought intensities…experienced during the modern era are neither unprecedented or remarkable, nor do they fall outside the range of natural variability.

No Net Warming Since Mid/Late 20th Century (36)

A Warmer Past: Non-Hockey Stick Reconstructions (76)

Lack Of Anthropogenic/CO2 Signal In Sea Level Rise (16)

Sea Levels Multiple Meters Higher 4,000-7,000 Years Ago (18)

Nothing Unusual Occurring With Glaciers, Polar Ice (33)

Polar Bear (and other) Populations Not Decreasing (10)

Warming, Acidification Not Harming Oceanic Biosphere (10)

Coral Bleaching A Natural, Non-Anthropogenic Phenomenon (2)

No Increasing Trends In Intense Hurricanes/Storms (8)

No Increasing Trend In Drought/Flood Frequency, Severity (7)

Global Fire Frequency Declining As CO2 Rises (2)

CO2 Changes Lag Temperature Changes By 1000+ Years (3)

N(3) The computer climate models are neither reliable or consistently accurate, the uncertainty and error ranges are irreducible, and projections of future climate states (i.e., an intensification of the hydrological cycle) are not supported by observations and/or are little more than speculation.

Climate Model Unreliability/Biases/Errors (27)
No AGW Changes To Hydrological Cycle Detectable (6)

The CO2 Greenhouse Effect – Climate Driver? (12)

N(4) Current emissions-mitigation policies, especially related to the advocacy for renewables, are often ineffective and even harmful to the environment, whereas elevated CO2 and a warmer climate provide unheralded benefits to the biosphere (i.e., a greener planet and enhanced crop yields, lower mortality with warming).

Failing Renewable Energy, Climate Policies (17)

Wind Power Harming The Environment, Biosphere (19)

Elevated CO2: Greens Planet, Higher Crop Yields (20)

Global Warming Saves Lives. Cold Kills. (9)
Global Losses/Deaths From Weather Disasters Declining (2)

New BANDIT’S CANTINA Reader Comment!–
ELVIS’ BIRTHDAY SUNDAY UPDATE

https://www.bikernet.com/pages/ELVIS_BIRTHDAY_SUNDAY_UPDATE.aspx

Micah’s pipes are much like my friend’s. The loud upsweeps got a bit tiring for his lovely wife and passenger on long trips so he added a similar bend. Makes a difference. Like Micha, he’s been building for many years. Knows stuff.

–Sam

TX
 

 

You’ll see the feature shortly in Cycle Source Magazine. Don’t miss it, but after it hits the mag we will publish it on Bikernet.–Bandit


THE MOTORCYCLE MAGAZOON REPORT–Motorcyclist and Hot Bike magazines see surge in audience recognition

By Bonnier Staff

The power of print continues to compel readers.

While audiences, especially within the past decade, have shifted to various avenues to retain news, key metrics recently released show the prominence of print is still thriving among brands under the umbrella of Bonnier Motorcycle Group. Both Motorcyclist and Hot Bike magazines, especially, delivered strong returns in 2018. The growth is backed up by a bevy of research that reflects an overall increase in audience.

Motorcyclist magazine, the six-times-a-year, two-wheeled, adventure-themed title, experienced a +58.6% increase in total print/digital readers since the 2017 Fall MRI release. There were a number of reasons for the jump, but the most glaring was a major redesign in early 2017 which helped to ignite readers’ excitement.

The total audience metric increase culminated into just over 3.0 million readers. Audience increase driven by a surge in secondary readers (+82.7%) was also a key catalyst. Motorcyclist’s overall total print audience increased 67.3% during this duration, hovering over 2.9 million readers.

And Motorcyclist isn’t alone in this success.

The Bonnier Custom Insight team recently polled 679 respondents who received and read at least one of the first five issues of Hot Bike magazine in 2018. Promoted through email invitation through Hot Bike subscribers and via Hot Bike’s heavy-populated Facebook page, the results were extremely positive.

The Content and Ad Effectiveness Study measured consumers’ engagement across issues 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of 2018, as well as the ad effectiveness for issues 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Here are a few highlights among the intricate study:

Almost seventy percent (67%) of readers noticed the redesign of Hot Bike. Of which, 96% had a positive reaction (I love it/it’s ok) to the redesigned issue(s).

Nearly 4 in 5 (79%) readers agree, The new look of the magazine is appealing to me

85% of respondents agree, The magazine still embodies the spirit of the Hot Bike brand.

70% of consumers agree, Hot Bike*’s redesign positively sets it apart from other magazines.

Nearly 3 in 4 (73%) agree, The ads in this publication are trustworthy.

Almost seventy percent of readers (69%) agree, When I am going to make a purchase, the ads in this publication help me make my decision.

81% of respondents agree, The ads in this publication are valuable sources of new information.

92% of respondents took any action as a result of reading issues 1-5, with 42% having ordered a product or service and spending $793 (on average).

Sixty-six percent (66%) of consumers visited an advertiser’s website as a results of reading articles and/or ads in the issues.

With the new year upon us, there is plenty of opportunity to promote your brand within the pages of these exciting print brands. Contact your Bonnier Motorcycle Group Business Development representative to learn more!

MORE ON HOT BIKE–Sorry to tell you, but rumors are flying from many different sources that Hot Bike has folded – at least as a print magazine.

No word on the other Bonnier magazines – Cycle World and Motorcyclist.

We are doing OK here at TAM. American Iron Magazine still publishing 13 big issues a year (one every 4 weeks). Our annual special American Iron Salute is the #1 best seller on the newsstand. And our all-brands, all-tech Garage Build is stronger than ever!

–Buzz
TAM Communications, Inc
American Iron Magazine
Garage Build magazine
American Iron Salute
Classic American Iron forum

THE FINAL HOT BIKE WORD–
I just heard from Mike Lichter that they shut down Hot Bike. Good news.

–Dave Nichols
Editorial Director
Paisano Publications

ONE MORE—HOT BIKE DOWN—The Pope of welding confirmed it on ISG.

–Markus Cuff
Officially Certified Feature Photographer
Bikernet.com™
American Iron
Cycle Source

QUICK, OPEN THE BANDIT’S CANTINA BAD JOKE LIBRARY–
Knock, Knock!
Who’s There?
Idaho!
Idaho who?
I da ho! Where da John?

Knock, Knock!
Who’s There?
Dewey!
Dewey who?
Dewey have to use a condom?

Knock Knock.
Who’s there?
Butch, Jimmy and Joe.
Butch, Jimmy, and Joe Who?
Butch your arms around me, Jimmy a kiss, and let’s Joe.

–from Rogue

BRAND New Bikernet Reader Comment!–
MOVING OIL

https://www.bikernet.com/pages/MOVING_OIL.aspx

Thanks for the info, always learning. On my ‘89 FXSTC oil tank, I have two 90-degree spigots coming out the bottom front. The feed spigot is in the back. I can’t remember which front spigot is the vent, which one is the return. HELP PLEASE

–Bennett A. Burton
ben2bikes@gmail.com
St Clair Shores, MI

I spoke to Micah McCloskey and he confirmed my belief that those two lines are interchangeable. So, run them so they look cool, don’t bind or rub on a hot surfaces.

–Bandit

HAL ROBINSON ART STILL AVAILABLE—Don’t miss out on this rare, once in a lifetime opportunity. We won’t every reprint these classic and no more shirts after this run.

–Bandit


Get in on the DRIVE-IN action–
Last chance to register for the
2019 Grand National Roadster Show
Grand Daddy Drive-In at the
Pomona Fairplex and receive this really cool lunch bag!

Pre-register for the 14th Annual Grand Daddy Drive-In!

Be a part of the Drive-In where you will have the chance to win awards picked by top editors of your favorite magazines.

Early registration includes entry for two VIP parking (in the show, between the buildings), dash plaque and goody bag.

enter today!

Rod Shows
12223 Highland Ave. #550
Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91739
Must be postmarked by Jan, 8th

Or better yet…
Fax to: 877-763-7469 with credit card information
Or e-mail to: rodshows@gmail.com


[page break]

HARLEY-DAVIDSON ELECTRIFIES THE FUTURE OF TWO-WHEELS WITH DEBUT OF NEW CONCEPTS AND LIVEWIRE MOTORCYCLE AVAILABLE FOR US DEALER PRE-ORDER–Electric LiveWire Motorcycle and Two Groundbreaking Lightweight Electric Concepts Shine in Vegas

Harley-Davidson, the company that has defined the motorcycle industry for the past 116 years, today revealed two new concept electric two-wheelers and announced pricing and pre-order availability for LiveWire, its first electric production motorcycle, at the biggest show in consumer electronics in Las Vegas. The 2020 LiveWire motorcycle is now available for US dealer pre-order at h-d.com/LiveWire with deliveries expected this fall and select global markets announced at a later date.

The LiveWire represents the future of Harley-Davidson, bringing high-performance electric propulsion, evocative design, and cellular connectivity to today’s rider. The first of a new electric portfolio of motorcycles that provides an all new two-wheel experience, LiveWire delivers thrilling acceleration, agile handling, premium materials and finishes, and a full suite of electronic rider aids and interfaces for a completely connected experience.

The performance of the LiveWire motorcycle will deliver an exhilarating ride for seasoned motorcyclists, while its clutch-free design also makes the experience for new riders easier than ever. Harley-Davidson also debuted two additional, electrified future concepts that further explore the potential of urban mobility.

In keeping with LiveWire, both concepts bring Harley-Davidson’s expertise in expressive two-wheeled experiences and push boundaries in design and technology. These motorcycles are a significant part of the More Roads to Harley-Davidson plan to accelerate building the next generation of riders through new products in additional motorcycle segments, broader access and a commitment to strengthen dealers globally.

“We’re at a historic juncture in the evolution of mobility, and Harley-Davidson is at the forefront,” said Matt Levatich, Harley-Davidson’s President and CEO. “Innovation that moves the body and soul has always been at the heart of our brand, and this next chapter in our history is about creating products and opportunities for existing and aspiring riders of all ages and walks of life.”

LiveWire Pre-Order Details
For more information on the new Harley-Davidson LiveWire motorcycle (US MSRP $29,799), as well as updates on future additional bikes, visit Harley-Davidson.com/Electric or the brand’s Facebook, Twitter or Instagram channels. To find a dealer for a LiveWire motorcycle pre-order placement, visit www.h-d.com/LiveWire.

HARLEY’S NEW ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLE–30 fucking grand, that’s all.

https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/7/18172421/harley-davidson-livewire-electric-motorcycle-price-ces-2019

I really don’t see their branding/marketing machine carrying this thing. It’s so un-Harley there is no cachet to bank on. I don’t see people buying it for the marque when other electrics are half the price, or less.

–J. Joshua Placa
Officially Certified Correspondent
Bikernet.com™

Pirelli Riders Dominate Opening Round of 2019 Kicker Arenacross Championship–Phoenix Racing’s Jace Owen Sweeps Both Nights of Racing

The opening round of the 2019 Kicker Arenacross Championship commenced this past weekend in Loveland, Colorado at the Budweiser Events Center for the first of its eight scheduled stops.

Phoenix Racing Honda’s Jace Owen put on a show in front of The Centennial State’s crowd by claiming the 250 Pro and Open Pro victories on both Friday and Saturday. The Pirelli SCORPION MX32 tires swept the Pro class podiums both nights.

On Friday night, Owen was a man on a mission as he consistently laid down the fastest times of the evening and took the victory in the 250 Pro class. Teammates Isaac Teasdale and Fredrik Noren would battle one another to complete the podium in second and third overall, respectively.

Pirelli Arenacross Podium Sweep

The Phoenix Racing Honda team dominated the Kicker Arenacross season opener.

The trio continued to make their presence known as they competed in the Open Pro class aboard their Pirelli-equipped CRF250 machines. Owen once again proved to be unstoppable as he crossed the checkered flag first to take his second win of the night. Much like the 250 class, Teasdale held the upper hand over Noren to give the team another podium sweep.

When the gate dropped for Saturday night’s action, the 250 Pro class saw Owen back out front and logging consistent laps at the head of the field. He would hold on to take an impressive win. Teasdale backed up his Friday night performance with runner-up honors, followed by Noren in third.

The Open Pro class would prove to be a repeat of the 250 Pro class as there was no shortage of traction for the No. 115 Honda rider of Owen and his SCORPION™ MX tires. He carried his momentum through the final laps and crossed the checkered flag winning every race he entered throughout the weekend. Teasdale and Noren paced each other throughout the final moto to round out the podium in second and third.

The championship will continue next weekend for Round 2 from Lazy E Arena in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on Friday, January 11 and Saturday, January 12.

To learn more about the complete line of Pirelli motorcycle tires, please visit www.pirelli.com

Results
Kicker Arenacross Championship
Budweiser Events Center – Loveland, Colorado

Friday, January 4,
250 Pro

Jace Owen
Isaac Teasdale
Fredrik Noren

Open Pro

Jace Owen
Isaac Teasdale
Fredrik Noren

Saturday, January 5
250 Pro

Jace Owen
Isaac Teasdale
Fredrik Noren
Open Pro

Jace Owen
Isaac Teasdale
Fredrik Noren

CHOW HALL OF THE WEEK–

https://youtu.be/cm-bI0D40Fg

Clasen’s Tavern – Clasen’s is famous for its quarter, half and full one pound burgers, always made from fresh triple grind ground beef, never frozen and cooked to perfection.

Add Swiss, Cheddar, American or Blue cheese to this already juicy, succulent burger for a mouthful explosion of flavors and yum! Pair with our famous Hawaiian Bloody Mary or Wasabi Bloody or our Clasen’s Classic with a beer chaser! Located in Union, IL.

–Bikerdude


BIKERNET INVESTORS DAILY—One of our media comrades hammers H-D constantly and recently about the stock price drop by 40 percent. So, I checked Polaris. It’s down about 40 percent, and their Schwab rating is a D compared to Harley’s at a B.

Hell, I immediately bought more Harley stock. I already have Polaris stock and I know they’re not going anywhere but up.

–Bandit


LUCKY WHEELS GARAGE EVENT SATURDAY—The bros will be there.

255 N Mission Rd
Los Angeles, CA 90033
323-825-9228
info@luckywheelsgarage.com


INDIAN MOTORCYCLE OFFER– Don’t let this offer pass you by

Sign up today to take advantage of the Indian Motorcycle Riders Group® (IMRG) member exclusive offer and receive an additional $1,000 cash bonus on an all-new 2018 or 2019 heavyweight Indian Motorcycle®.

With this exclusive offer, you could save up to $3,000 on your next ride. Hurry, offer ends on January 31.

NAB A 3-DAY CHIP PASS AND SAVE!–
For a Limited Time, Starting on 1/15, You Can

Set Your Reminder Now and Don’t Wait

See Announcements | Explore VIP | Check out Top Shelf

3-DAY PACKAGE A

Keith Urban, Skid Row & More TBA

3-DAY PACKAGE B

Styx, Collective Soul, & More TBA

3-DAY PACKAGE C

Toby Keith, Zakk Sabbath, & More TBA

See the Lineup So Far!
Full Festival Passes Are Available Now
Stay the Entire Time

Act fast to get the best possible deal on 2019 passes!
Explore Camping, Cabins & RVs | See Announcements


MONSTER JAM’S GRAVE DIGGER
AT THE ACE!– THURSDAY, JANUARY 17th
4pm – 8pm

Join us on Thursday, January 17th
from 4pm to 8pm to see the awesome Grave Digger Monster Truck in person before it competes for the title in the
2019 Monster Jam Competition at Camping World Stadium!

***Score a FREE kids meal with every adult meal purchased!!
(Kids 12 & under)

ALSO…
Meet the professional driver of the Grave Digger Monster Truck himself, Adam Anderson! He will be on site posing for photos and signing autographs!

Enter to win 4 tickets to the Monster Jam event at Camping World Stadium on Saturday, January 19th!

Also enter to win a remote control
mini-version of Monster Jam’s
Grave Digger!

Winners will be announced at 7pm; Must be present to win.

Bring the whole family!
See you at the Ace!

See what people are saying about the Ace online, #SeeYouAtTheAce

Ace Cafe Orlando
100 W. Livingston St. (Corner of Livingston & Garland)
Orlando FL 32801
407-996-6686


VINTAGE RIDES REACH HIGH IN 2019–The Himalayas. Five syllables that are amongst the most evocative in the world.
Dizzying heights, thin air, humbling nature. It is raw, unforgiving, tough… but incredibly generous to those who dare to explore it.

And the Vintage Rides versions are no exception. Our adventure-ridden guides have crafted a wide range of itineraries, spanning Ladakh, Kinnaur and the challenging Spiti, to introduce the diversity of this region.

Your wheels will take you through green valleys, planted with high-reaching cedars and oddly reminiscent of the Swiss Alps. As you approach the Tibetan region, you’ll be transported to another world. A world of quiet grandeur, lunar-like landscapes and unfamiliar panoramas. And as you ride through a mix of dust, rocky trails, and pristine asphalted sections, you’ll be amazed by the ever-changing face of this uncommon land.

Winding roads, high-altitude passes, snowy patches and unexpected flooded paths… It won’t be a walk in the park, but you’ll definitely return a seasoned — and ecstatic — rider.

Photo credits: Leo Fvy / Leon Rieter / Laurent Galant

Vintage Rides
At Grand Tour Coworking
(by appointment only)
30 rue des Trois Bornes
75011 PARIS
contact@vintagerides.com
+442032898785


MC Massan–Stockholm Motorcycle Expo Moves to Swedish National Arena

The modest, if welcome, growth in most of the mainstream sectors of the PTW and wider powersports market in Sweden has raised hopes for the prospects of MC Massan in January.

The annual expo alternates between Stockholm and Gothenburg, with January 25-27 slated for the 2019 show, but at a new venue – the Friends Arena at Solna in the northern Stockholm suburbs – Sweden’s National Arena, adjacent to the giant Mall of Scandinavia.

“Friends Arena gives us new opportunities to develop the fair for an overall experience for the visitors,” says Niklas Kristoffersson, CEO of the Motorcycle Industry Trade Association in Sweden, McRF.

“We believe the move will both give a boost to the traditional audience, while attracting new enthusiasts. With its central location in northern Stockholm and with excellent transport to and from the whole region, we believe that the Friends Arena opens the show up for even more visitors from all over Sweden’s most populated regions. The neighboring Mall of Scandinavia is a tourist attraction in itself, suitable for an excursion for the whole family.

www.mcmassan.se
Posted by DealerWorld at 04:40


Rinehart Racing: Advocates for the Aftermarket
Rinehart Racing, a manufacturer of performance exhausts for Indian and Harley-Davidson motorcycles, has been a valued, active member of the MIC since 2012. “By being an MIC member company and participating in the MIC’s initiatives, it is our hope that together we can advance the motorcycle industry and lay the foundation for decades of success ahead,” said Judd Hollifield, Rinehart Racing President & CEO.

“As a leading producer of American-made V-Twin exhaust products, our goal is to not only provide our customers and dealer network with the highest quality product and exceptional support, but also to act as advocates for the motorcycle aftermarket.”

The Rinehart Racing team, based in Arden, N.C., is dedicated to providing the best customer service possible, helping to welcome new riders to the Rinehart family one exhaust system at a time, Hollifield said. “Our American-made exhaust systems are well-known for their distinctive sound, commanding looks and signature end caps, a testament to the company’s innovative designs, proprietary technology and quality craftsmanship.”

For more information on Rinehart Racing, visit rinehartracing.com.

–from the MIC


BIKERNET UNIVERSITY IS STILL OPEN WITH ACTIVE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT–hibernal

[hahy-bur-nl]
adjective

1.of or relating to winter; wintry.

QUOTES

The sky was in its grey wintry mood where there is no blue break in the clouds to be expected, no bright spell to hope for, nothing for it but to accept the hibernal darkness the way you accept love or death.

— Jean Rouaud, The World More or Less, translated by Barbara Wright, 1998

ORIGIN

Hibernal “wintry, appearing in winter” and also “pertaining to the winter of life” comes straight from the Late Latin adjective hibernalis “wintry,” first appearing in the Vulgate (the Latin version of the Bible as edited or translated by St. Jerome). Hibernalis comes from Latin hibernus, which comes from a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European adjective gheimrinos, source also of Greek cheimerinós “in winter, winter’s,” and Slavic (Polish) zimny “cold.”

Gheimrinos is formed from the Proto-Indo-European root ghei-, ghi- “snow, winter.” The form ghimo- appears in the Sanskrit noun himá- “cold, frost, snow,” familiar to us in the Himalaya Mountains, “Snow’s abode.” Hibernal entered English in the 17th century.

THE FLY OVER STATE REPORT–What “American made” means to us

Here at FOS headquarters in Austin Texas, we think “Made in America” is critical to success. Why? Well, for starters, we couldn’t very well purport to be supportive of the FOS, or our nation at large, if we went and farmed the work or products out to some foreign country, now could we? But also, we just feel better being able to wear something, and sell something, made here, in America, by Americans.

Do we lose some profit doing this way? Not in our eyes. Because the way we see it, that “profit” was never there in the first place. Because we’d have to violate our code of ethics to earn that “profit” and that’s never going to happen. Therefore, as far as we’re concerned, it never existed in the first place. We make what we can on our gear and we keep it all in-country and that represents plenty of profit for us.

Not everybody out there agrees and you’re welcome to buy from them if you’d rather. But you gotta ask yourself a hard question; what are you really saying, what are you really supporting, if you wear something that represents jobs and work leaving your own nation? We are the FOS.

About FOS
FOS, or ‘flyover states’, is a veteran-owned, veteran-run, American-made company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Our goals are to employ combat veterans, make our products in America, unify and present the irrefutable facts that make the ‘flyover states’, and America, great.


NEW Feuling M-8 Oiling System Kits–“Oil is the lifeblood of your engine,” says Feuling Parts CEO Luke Leatherman. To cater to the very specific needs of Harley’s M-8 engine design, he has developed a choice of purpose-designed oiling system packs.

The company’s HP+ and Race Series kits both include Feuling’s high flow billet camplate made from 7075 aluminum, which is 50% harder and stronger than the factory or Feuling OE+ camplates.

Feuling increases oil flow and volume by enlarging the oil pump reservoirs and critical oil passages, including matching the oil port holes throughout the camplate to the port holes in the engine case to increase engine oil flow to the lifters, piston cooling jets, crankshaft and rod bearings.

The Feuling oil pumps are bench-tested, with the relief valve seated and sealed to a minimum of 30 psi with full pop-off at 55-60 psi. Leatherman says that “the increased oil volume from the larger gears and properly sized passages, along with the pressure relief valve seat and seal from these oil pumps, is essential for proper oiling system function. Our oil pump and camplate combination eliminates the common pressure and scavenge issues associated with the factory oiling systems.”

Feuling says the combo will deliver quieter and smoother engine operation, increased oil pressure (10-30 more psi); 42% more scavenge volume with port sizing, matched passages and holes to the engine case; 68% more oil volume to the crankshaft and connecting rod bearing; 15-25 degree cooler engine temperatures; 15-30 degree cooler oil temperatures; and reduced wet sumping (as much as 50% reduction of engine sump oil level), blow by and oily air cleaners with test results showing a 2 HP and 2 ft/lbs of torque gain to the rear wheel on M-8 models.

The water cooled engine oil specs show 30% more pressure gear volume over stock and 53% more scavenge gear volume over; the oil cooled engine oil pump specs show -27% more pressure gear volume and scavenge gear volume over stock. A washer-free optional X ARP bolt kit is available for the high flow camplate and the HP+ or RS oil pump combo. Both kits fit chain or (with block-off plate) gear drive cam and the clearance on front exhaust lifter to camshaft flange fit must be checked.

The HP+ Series kits include billet 6061 aluminum high volume oil pump, the high flow camplate, HP+ hydraulic roller lifters and cam installation kit, cam bearing, cam/crank bolts and washers, engine and fastener assembly lube.

The RS (Race Series) kits include the RS oil pump and lifters, the high flow camplate and cam installation kit, cam bearing, cam/crank bolts and washers, engine and fastener assembly lube.

The increased strength of the 7075 aluminum construction is said to hold tighter tolerances under temperature. The RS oil pump features increased scavenge side kidney port volume over the HP+ oil pumps. RS hydraulic lifters have a full .200″ of total travel designed with a slower bleed down rate to handle heavy valve spring pressures, increase engine rpm before valve float and feature increased roller clearance for steep ramped camshafts.

FEULING PARTS
www.feulingparts.com
Posted by DealerWorld


BAT OUT OF HELL COMES TO NORTH AMERICA—One of the best-selling hard rock albums ever, Meatloaf’s “Bat Out of Hell,” had an innate theatricality with songs rife with motorcycle imagery. The bombastic LP has become a top-flight stage production.

It’s coming to the states this summer. https://batoutofhellmusical.com/

The official site above, for the worldwide productions of Bat Out of Hell The Musical based on the songs of Jim Steinman and Meat Loaf.


WHAT’S NEXT?—I wish I knew, but I think we need to get involved. We can’t sit back unless we want to get railroaded by the folks who want to punish and tax everyone who works hard and pays their taxes. It’s a tough one, but we all need to support our motorcycle rights guys and girls.

Meanwhile in the shop we’re scrambling on the Salt Torpedo and our team is growing. Along with Kevin Kahl the frame guy from the Hot Rod Underground, we have Micah McCloskey, who was one of the Easyriders Streamliner team members, including myself. We held the record for 16 years. We captured two records in two years. One was at 284 mph and the other at 322 mph.

In addition we have Charles the owner of Strictly Hawgs and Mitch, one of his customers, who is a fiberglass expert and race car builder.

The frame is now connected with the Paughco motorcycle chassis and we are rolling into the mono-shock swingarm, removable backbone and roll cage. Hang on for the next report.

I’m going to start writing a new Life and Times of Bandit for the Cantina called the Chowder Barge. It’s an interesting story.

Keep the fires burning and ride free forever.

–Bandit

Read More

Mustang Standard Touring Solo for Indian Scout Bobber

The new Mustang Standard Touring Solo keeps the Indian Scout Bobber’s characteristic old school styling intact while delivering a significant upgrade in rider comfort and positioning.

 

The Standard Touring Solo positions riders at a similar reach to the controls compared to stock, with a deeply contoured bucket that offers excellent lower back support and keeps the rider from sliding back in the saddle. A generous 13” width offers riders an additional 2” over the stock solo seat for improved support in the hip areas. Riders also benefit from a narrower nose that relieves pressure on the inner thighs and provides easier ground reach.

The hand-stitched cover made from high-quality expanded vinyl is available in two colorways: smooth and textured black, or contrasting distressed brown and textured black. Both feature large diamond-stitched center panels with reinforced double stitching on the side and rear panels for increased durability.

Made in the U.S.A., all Mustang seats are handcrafted and shaped with a proprietary controlled-density polyurethane-based foam compound that requires no break-in period and retains its shape after years of use. The patented foam compound provides even weight distribution and support to eliminate pressure points or “hot spots”. A lightweight and durable marine-grade fiberglass seat pan delivers long-term stability, is finished with high-gloss gel coat and features strategically placed polyurethane bumpers to minimize vibration and prevent resting directly on the frame and rear fender.
Standard Touring Solo for ’18-’19 Indian Scout Bobber
• P/N 76842 – Black: $389.99
• P/N 76843 – Distressed Brown: $399.99

For more information, visit www.mustangseats.com.

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FIVE Tips to Attract a Biker

 

As a serial biker dater who’s secretly proud of her hard-earned status, I’d like to share my wisdom with the world and all those girls out there whose hearts skip a beat at the thought of being in the same room with single bikers. Keeping in mind that women have incredible power over men because men just can’t resist us, I’d like to draw your attention to the fact that biker men are also bad boys, and require a special kind of strategy, which I meticulously outline below so no detail gets overlooked.

#1: Make Eye Contact Only to Break it
 

If your biker crush is crazy about you but doesn’t know it yet, there are a few things you can do to attract his attention. First and foremost, make eye contact with him only to break it after about two seconds. Try looking down and then up through your eyelashes for an added sexy effect, and then immediately look away. Keep your eyes on him long enough to make an impression, but not too long to show you really care whether he likes you or not. Ultimately, bikers like girls who give them a run for their money and make them work for it, which means you shouldn’t give him your heart on a silver platter, at least not in the beginning.

#2: Show Him Who You Are
 

Being a biker equals being a badass, and a guy like that doesn’t go for the girls who blend in with the crowd. Your petrolhead crush doesn’t like girls who try to look, act, or think like everyone else so if you have an unusual sense of humor, hobby or interest stick to it instead of being ashamed. Bad boys like girls with strong personalities who have a lot going for them. If you’re not like a bunch of other ladies he’s used to meeting, even if you have a quirky side he’ll be that much more interested in getting to know you better.

#3: Stand Up To Him
 

More often than not, bikers run into people who are intimidated by them because they think bad boys are too cool to give them the time of day. If you want to grab his attention for all the right reasons, the best thing you can do is show him you’re not afraid of him. Think of it as coming face-to-face with a wild beast – if you show fear, it’ll have you for lunch. When your biker says something to you, don’t just smile and look away. Instead, stand even taller and speak back, finish your sentences, and always speak your mind. Show him you’re his equal instead of being just another girl willing to bend at his will.

#4: Ignore Him a Little Bit
 

Find the right balance between flirting and ignoring him just a little to show you’ve got better things to do than to spend your time talking to him until you’re both blue in the face. If the two of you find yourselves chatting and having a great time, don’t run up to him and give him a big hug the next time you see him. Instead, give him some time to walk up to you and chat you up. The reason for this is simple – bikers don’t like girls who are too available. Obviously, don’t ignore him too much so he thinks you’re not interested, and keep in mind you don’t have to be rude in this game either.

#5: Play Hard to Get
 
Bikers love it when a girl makes them work for it. If you make him feel like he could have you any time he wanted, he’ll quickly lose interest and all your effort will be in vain. Find cheeky ways to give him a compliment or two without revealing how hard you’re crushing on him. Bad boys love the chase and you should let him have it, meaning don’t accept every invitation he gives you, and even when you agree to go out with him, make sure it’s a week from the day he asks you because no, your schedule isn’t wide open, and no, you’re not sitting at home waiting for him to finally make the first move.
 

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BIKER DATING SECRETS from a Fan

 

 

As a serial biker dater who’s secretly proud of her hard-earned status, I’d like to share my wisdom with the world and all those girls out there whose hearts skip a beat at the thought of being in the same room with single bikers.

 

Keeping in mind that women have incredible power over men because men just can’t resist us, I’d like to draw your attention to the fact that biker men are also bad boys, and require a special kind of strategy, which I meticulously outline below so no detail gets overlooked.

 

Read More: https://www.bikernet.com/pages/FIVE_Tips_to_Attract_a_Biker.aspx

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CHP to enforce modified exhaust system with mandatory fine after New Year

Starting in 2019 the California Highway Patrol will be enforcing some new roadway safety laws. One of them is the modified exhaust systems.

January first exhaust violations will no longer be correctable. A fine will become mandatory.

Therefore, you have to pay the fine and get the issue fixed. Before if you were cited you had time to get it corrected in order to avoid the fine.

Stay tuned as Bikernet will shine more light on this topic later in the week.

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The BAKER, CALIFORNIA RUN

Me and Cecily hopped in the car were on our way to Las Vegas once and we stopped at a desert town that is a popular way-station for the Las Vegas hordes that come and go to LV from SoCal.

It’s a hot gasping oven of a town and used to have just two eateries but time changes things and now there’s dozens. Time hasn’t changed a few things though and one of the places is kinda scary-lookin and attracts lifer inhabitants of unfactoryfresh motorcycles and their riders. I like to stop there because the Diet Cokes are always icy and the – it’s basically a dive bar – and the BTL’s whoever the fuck owns the place makes are monuments to bacon, lettuce, tomato and REALLY good bread. And the women that work there are salt-o’-the earth, unless you give them crap, And I don’t give crap to serving personnel, even if they have it coming. I’ve BEEN serving personnel: I know that customers are often begging to be murdered. Read more.

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The BAKER, CALIFORNIA RUN

Me and Cecily hopped in the car were on our way to Las Vegas once and we
stopped at a desert town that is a popular way-station for the Las Vegas hordes that
come and go to LV from SoCal.

It’s a hot gasping oven of a town and used to have just two eateries but time changes things and now there’s dozens. Time hasn’t changed a few things though and one of the places is kinda scary-lookin and attracts lifer inhabitants of unfactoryfresh motorcycles and their riders. I like to stop there because the Diet Cokes are always icy and the – it’s basically a dive bar – and the BTL’s whoever the fuck owns the place makes are monuments to bacon, lettuce, tomato and REALLY good bread. And the women that work there are salt-o’-the earth, unless you give them crap, And I don’t give crap to serving personnel, even if they have it coming. I’ve BEEN serving personnel: I know that customers are often begging to be murdered.

So we pull up, always against Cecily’s wishes since she is real uncomfortable around
Motorcyclists, who delight in appearing totally ruined. Until they start talking to her, which invariably happens. Then oh my, she gets this fucking glow of life because they make her think she’s who they have been waiting to talk to all their life. So anyway we’re
heading in there and there’s a lone biker with ID on the back of his “clothes” that
proclaims him to be one of the official Bad Boys. I ain’t sayin’ which men’s association he was in but the producers of Gangland would have been interested in sending out a film crew to follow the fellow.

So he’s there sitting sideways on his bike and smoking a cigar and we pull in and then one of his associates shows up looking worse than the first one as far as “viable life forms” is concerned and me and Cecily are heading their way on foot and then an SUV full of whatever is going to follow the generation of “millennials” pulls into the area and stops somewhere nearby on the property and five very energetic total assholes rush into the visible atmosphere from inside the SUV and come toward the entrance and they are all laughing at these two motorcyclists.

These two motorcyclists by the way were not at all “brawny” type lads. They were rail thin, very badly groomed coteured and quaffed and I would not have attempted to address either one of these two individuals under any circumstances I can think of. They did not at all look like they could possibly ride the bare-bones large bikes they were riding. But they were.

And they had no goggles, no thick leather garments, they were wearing actual motorcycle boots that looked older and worse than even them two and they had no wind inhibitors, no fenders, they had shit wrapped around sissy bars, gloves with no fingers……..

This told me a lotta things. The main one bein’ they were probably pissed off just from the eternal road debris they were subjecting themselves to night and day forget about what the fuck must have been goin’ on in their PERSONAL lives, which hadda be very fucking dangerous if not just out and out suicidal. Call it a hunch. But to the oncoming pack of idiots they LOOKED like useless vagrants too poor to have their own SUV’s. Or delirious wasted bums in other words.

I’m good in two languages: English and body language. The body language of the oncoming group of post-teens told me that they were a unit of semi-proficient sociopaths used to getting their own way in public via keeping everyone normal on edge.

The two bikers who both looked like they both had been chased off of morgue gurneys for looking too dead had the body language of feral ocelots with short fuses.

So these two semi-ghastly bikers are sitting on their parked bikes shooting the shit
and smoking cigars like they needed to use smoke for security blankets. I mean, they
were not nursing those stogies, they were seriously smoking their cigars.

We’re downwind and Cecily goes “PEEYOU!!!!!!!”

The two bikers dudes just look over at us comin’. I raise my eyes to heaven and
silently talk to jesus of nazareth king of the jews for a moment and then aloud I stop and
gesture with this kind of helpless arms-to-the-side thing and say, “Hey: It ain’t your fault
that on our side of those stogies they smell like 50 years of dried piss, shit, and puke in
a Boston subway. It’s the CIGARS’ fault.”

APPARENTLY this made sense to them. One of them I THINK almost smirked. Very hard to say.

Their reaction to the group oncoming from the opposite direction was different. One
of the crew who I shall name Stupid shouted, “Hey you fucking assholes, you’re fucking
up the environment with those things. Ain’t it illegal smoking cigars now in public?? Do
you think maybe you can take a moment to consider something other than yourselves
for once? Like, maybe the earth??? Do you think our planet LIKES what you’re
doing????”

Even I knew this was not something to be yelling about TO these two REGARDING
these two.

They’re – all five of them now – almost skipping in delight because one of them had
set the tone of the engagement and that that tone would be Hijinx and Hostility.

One of the bikers was apparently very comfortable with the hostility requirement
because he was off his bike and was running toward the speaker carrying a very large
wilderness knife with a thick metal handle but holding it backwards so that when he ran
against the fellow and the side of his fist with the little finger on it hit the fellow in the
forehead it was mainly the metal roundish knife handle that made contact.

He was unconscious before he even started the tilt earthward and by the time he was on the ground the thing that had put him there was standing near the body yelling “WAKE UP!”

This did not work. He then kicked him in the ribs and again shouted “WAKE UP!” He
started coming around but I think it was coincidental with the kicking not because of it. It wasn’t cause and effect. It was more like serendipity.

This inquiry went on for considerably more times than the two times already
mentioned. And when the person interrogated began screaming “I’M AWAKE YOU PRICK!!” the biker grunted “Good,” and pulled him to his feet.

One of his buddies decided to try and effect a rescue and grabbed the biker’s denim
sleeveless garment from the back at the same time seeing what was written on the back of the denim sleeveless garment and pulled his hands off at the same time the man in the denim sleeveless garment, without paying too much attention, pile drove his elbow into the fellow’s, I believe it was right, eye.

This put a great deal of fear into the man
because he had to suspect he was now probably permanently blind in it. I know I
suspected it.

Meanwhile the biker’s main target was now being held upright by the biker grabbing
at his clothes and lecturing him.

“You’re worried about the fucking earth? Is that what you’re worried about? The
earth? How old are you?” No response. “How old are you, shithead!!”

There was a garbled “Twenty three…..” The biker inquired, “How old is the fucking earth!!”

Seeing that no answer was even close to being on its way the biker yelled “It’s 5 billion years old. 23 years ago YOU showed up on it. If you make it past this interview you might live a total of 90 years. Probably tops. Then you’ll be gone and the earth will hang around for at least ANOTHER four billion years……and YOU’RE worried about IT!

The earth is four billion years old and you’re 23……and YOU think IT’S in trouble! And that I’M the REASON. Shit, you got here just in TIME apparently!! Meanwhile while you’re worried about how I am going to damage a planet 25 thousand miles in diameter with my
cigar…. the fucking EARTH is going to threaten YOU AND EVERYONE ELSE with
tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, volcanoes, drought, starvation, disease, bugs, micro
bugs, gravity, frost, fucking fire, avalanches, deadly animals, poisonous plants,
poisonous fish, poisonous spiders, poisonous snakes, poisonous fucking lizards,
poisonous goddamn FROGS…..and you think my cigar is going to hurt the planet.

ACTUALLY…..my cigar is going to hurt YOU. When I put it out in your fucking
mouth…..and then I’m going to toss it and it will become chemistry for some goddamn
new poisonous plant to eat and grow healthy on!!”

He then started to move the burning end of the cigar towards his face at the same
time his buddy, in a grand display of fake concern, pulled the fellow away, like they had
been involved this very performance or ones just like it a trillion times before. The five
musketeers, suddenly understanding that their world of collegiate harassment was not
in the league of Real Life Berserkers, retreated to the SUV, shuffling quickly sideways all the while, saying things like they – the bikers – would be sorry.

I proceeded into the cafe place holding Cecily’s arm, putting me between her and
them and looking at them and I said, like a scolding elder, heading inside, “I hope you
both have learned your lesson.”

“It won’t happen again. We promise,” the non-combatant said calmly, after what I
thought was an uncomfortably long pause. Uncomfortably for me, you understand.
Once inside and settled Cecily said, “I don’t know why you keep stopping here.”

I looked at her amazed. “You GOTTA be kidding,” I said in disbelief.

endo

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D&D Muffler Fix

Remember the installation we performed on Jeremiah Soto’s Dyna. We actually used D&D components on three Bonneville bikes and set two records. We installed lots of D&D exhaust systems on Bikernet shop projects over the years.

Jeremiah’s Dyna was one of them about four years ago and he’s been riding the streets of Los Angeles and out to Vegas numerous times. About a year ago he noticed his muffler moving around, and then he started to lose rivets. His model of D&D muffler was carbon fiber incased and any looseness tore the shit out of the carbon fiber. Read more.

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D&D Muffler Fix

Remember the installation we performed on Jeremiah Soto’s Dyna. We actually used D&D components on three Bonneville bikes and set two records. We installed lots of D&D exhaust systems on Bikernet shop projects over the years.

Jeremiah’s Dyna was one of them about four years ago and he’s been riding the streets of Los Angeles and out to Vegas numerous times. About a year ago he noticed his muffler moving around, and then he started to lose rivets. His model of D&D muffler was carbon fiber incased and any looseness tore the shit out of the carbon fiber.

He tried to call the company for help, but they dodged him. He tried replacing rivets and adding more. That helped, but then he discovered the muffler clamp had cracked. He had it welded.

That lasted a few months and it started to loosen again. Again, he contacted the company. The service agent ducked any knowledge of big twin bikes. He was a dirt bike guy, but he still let a couple of items slip from time to time, like something about the baffles breaking.

Jeremiah is a persistent bastard and kept after them for a few months, but he could never get help or word from the boss. At one point I suggested fixing it ourselves, by buying a chunk of light gauge tubing and replacing the carbon fiber and welding it.
 

 

In the meantime Jeremiah constantly complained about his rattling D&D carbon fiber muffler. The aluminum rivets were failing. He asked for a new muffler but the boss wouldn’t talk to him.

He tried one more time with D&D but the service guy dodged him, but offered to talk to the boss, but the boss never responded. The service guy admitted that the baffles were popping loose, which added to the muffler failures and dangers that it could fly apart while splitting lanes on a Los Angeles freeway.

I told him to go to Phillips steel and buy a chunk of 4-inch tubing, thin wall, like 16-gage and make the muffler solid again. He did, but Phillips is closed on Saturday so Jeremiah blasted over to Action Metals a smelly recycling center on the edge of the Wilmington Ghetto. In the back they stash serious metal pieces and Jeremiah found just what he needed.
 
 

 

He finally tore the muffler apart. Jeremiah is a funny guy. If he feels he’s been wronged, he won’t give in until he solves the issue. The thin baffle mesh holding the glass-packed material was tacked to the tapered sleeve and all the tacks were busted. I told him to shit-can the glass pack material, but he saved every little burnt piece and put it back after I tacked the mesh back into place.
 

He cleaned the chunk of thin-walled tubing inside and out and made it ready for tacking, which Kevin did, but we didn’t dare finish welding it until Jeremiah double-checked fitment.
 

During the process of inspecting and trying the D&D clamp he noticed more cracks. More patch welding was required.

After Jeremiah returned from chasing his girlfriend he inspected the tacks and fitment.

 
 
I’m learning more about TIG Welding from Kevin Kahl, from the Hot Rod Underground. He basically welds one bead at a time. It’s called pulsing and some TIG welders come with a pulsing setting. In that case you must get in sync with the machines rhythm. He handles it with his food pedal. 
 
 

 Kevin TIG welded the tube in place and re-welded the clamp, and off Jeremiah went to the store to buy VHS heat paint.

He gave it a couple of coats and backed it in his Bikernet Penthouse apartment oven over night. The next day he cleaned the slightly rusty pipe and the inside of the muffler. It slipped right into place and off he rode to chase his girlfriend once more.

The chase continues.
 
SOURCES 

 

 
 
 
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